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    Trade Openness and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Cities in the People's Republic of China

    Fang, Zheng; Huang, Bihong; Yang, Zhuoxiang | November 2018
    Abstract
    This paper examines the impact on the environment of economic growth and trade openness in 261 cities in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the period 2004–2013, using a recently developed, continuously updated, fully modified method that allows for cross-sectional dependence and endogeneity. The study investigates two types of pollutant, industrial wastewater and sulfur dioxide, and employs three measures of openness in the regression. The results show that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis holds not only for the whole of the PRC but also for different regions. The paper estimates that wastewater pollution increases with economic development until the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) reaches the turning point of CNY31,849–CNY49,446 (in constant 2002 prices), which varies depending on the specific measure of trade openness. It finds that the turning point for sulfur dioxide occurs at a much lower income level, around CNY9,274–CNY10,103 per capita GDP. Furthermore, the results indicate that cities featuring greater openness tend to have lower industrial wastewater emissions but higher sulfur dioxide emissions.
    Citation
    Fang, Zheng; Huang, Bihong; Yang, Zhuoxiang. 2018. Trade Openness and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Cities in the People's Republic of China. © Asian Development Bank Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/9053.
    Keywords
    Work Environment
    Urban Environment
    Social Environment
    Regulatory Environments
    Marine Environment
    International Environmental Relations
    Institutional Environment Assessment
    Global Environment
    Environmental Sustainability
    Environmental Strategy
    Environmental Services
    Environmental Resources
    Environmental Management and Planning
    Environmental Issues
    Environmental Guidelines
    Environmental Effects
    Environment and Pollution Prevention
    Trade Flows
    Trade And Development
    Food Security And Trade
    Trade Volume
    Trade Potential
    Trade Flows
    External Trade
    Industrial policy
    New technology
    Innovations
    Industry
    Export policy
    Import policy
    Trade Unions
    Environmental Control
    Environmental Technology
    Land Development
    Forestry Development
    Fishery Development
    Environmental Statistics
    Environmental Planning
    Environmental Management
    Environmental Education
    Environmental Capacity
    Pollution Control
    Nature Protection
    Environmental Conservation
    Regional development bank
    Trade development
    Import volume
    Export volume
    Tariff negotiations
    Regional integration
    Trade regulations
    Air quality indexes
    Ecological risk assessment
    Environmental impact evaluation
    Analysis of environmental impact
    Environmental toxicology
    Health risk assessment
    Rain and rainfall
    Acid precipitation
    Ozone-depleting substance mitigation
    Greenhouse gas mitigation
    Prevention of pollution
    Air quality
    Air quality management
    Pollution
    Labor and globalization
    Labor policy
    Regional trading blocs
    Foreign trade and employment
    Developing countries
    Industrial priorities
    Technological innovation
    Technology transfer
    Foreign trade regulation
    Industrial relations
    Trade-unions
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    Citable URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11540/9053
    Metadata
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    adbi-wp882.pdf (3.734Mb)
    Author
    Fang, Zheng
    Huang, Bihong
    Yang, Zhuoxiang
    Theme
    Environment
    Trade
    Labor Migration
     
    Copyright 2016-2021 Asian Development Bank Institute, except as explicitly marked otherwise
    Copyright 2016-2021 Asian Development Bank Institute, except as explicitly marked otherwise