Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has been radically altering our society. Economic activities using tools of the Internet or new information and communications technology (ICT) to purchase goods or services or conduct business online are rapidly expanding. Global cross-border e-commerce has become increasingly important in the international economy. Various factors have laid a solid foundation for ...

The objective of the study is to (i) review the past and present innovation policies of the more developed countries of ASEAN and East Asia – China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam – and present them with reasonable future innovation policies; (ii) analyse successful and failed national innovation systems (NIS) using country case studies and empirical data, ...

The papers and essays in this volume examine several key areas of integration that are of critical interest to the AEC moving into 2025 and beyond. The rest of this integrative chapter weaves the papers together, highlights their key ideas and recommendations, and situates a number of them in terms of the changing international environment. Section 1 presents the results of the ERIA survey of ASEAN ...

The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) represents a sizeable part of the global community. Since its inception in 1996, ASEM has played a key role as a forum for dialogue and cooperation in connecting Asia and Europe. ASEM is uniquely placed for fostering interregional relations. In the past 22 years, the ASEM process has proved its vitality and relevance through a steady increase in membership and enhanced ...

Though tariffs have been reduced, the number of non-tariff measures (NTMs) continues to increase, and is often blamed in part for the lack of integration in ASEAN. Unlike tariffs which could be elimi­nated entirely, a world without NTMs would be hard to imagine as they can play an important role in ensuring the quality of goods. As countries become wealthier, demand for better quality and greater ...

Whilst tariffs have declined following discipline instituted by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) is on the rise worldwide (UNCTAD, 2013). This trend is also reflected in the updated NTM database of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), where the number of NTMs in ...