Cigarettes are the most commonly used medium for tobacco consumption. Annual cigarette consumption in Pakistan is around 86.7 billion sticks1 (49 billion in 19972). Annual local production averages above 57 billion sticks.

The question as to what are the significant factors in shaping the road to development is of fundamental and primal importance in the present circumstances when the government is focusing more on infrastructure rather than literacy and skills transfer. On social media, there is a clear-cut division between people’s perception about Rawalpindi/Islamabad Metro Bus Project versus Education. [1] [Error! ...

Pakistan and India are equally vulnerable to disasters as the two countries have similar geography, climate, and environmental attributes. Both the countries bear losses due to crossborder hydro-climatic disasters and seismic activities. The conflict between Pakistan and India restricts the movement of people, goods and transport across borders. However, climatic hazards and disaster risks exist ...

A prudent exchange rate policy and efficient exchange rate is essential for macroeconomic stability and economic growth. Impulsive exchange rate policies may compromise economic growth of a country through generating persistent balance of payments problems, currency crises and overall macroeconomic instability.

This paper highlights some important points regarding exchange rate and external competitiveness of Pakistan . Firstly, overvalued exchange rate of Pakistani Rupee [PKR] has affected adversely to already weaker external competitiveness of the country . Secondly, claims of failure of depreciation in boosting performance of tradable sector are based on mixing the partial adjustment of PKR towards its ...

This policy brief makes three important points regarding exchange rate misalignment in Pakistan . Firstly, that the Pakistani Rupee (PKR) has historically remained deviated from its equilibrium value. Secondly, that political and institutional set up has a strong association with nature and magnitude of exchange rate misalignment and that overvalued PKR is preferred by the policy offices in general. ...

According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2018 (Eckstein, Künzel and Schäfer, 2017), the country is also among the world’s most vulnerable to longterm climate change impacts. The rural areas’ high dependence on climate-sensitive livelihoods (such as agriculture, livestock, and forestry) means that they will be adversely affected by changes in the climate for which they will have to prepare. Many ...

The main focus of our national science, technology & innovation (ST&I) policy has been on the development of ST&I planning and management, human source development, indigenous technology, technology transfer, creation of absorptive capacity and international cooperation as well as identifying and developing priority “Thrust Areas.” (Ministry of Science and Technology [MoST] 2012). Developing knowledge ...