Many articles in international trade literature have shown that firm productivity is a robust determinant of firms’ export and import activities. Further, the literature…
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Asia and the Pacific
28 Feb 2022
SMEs are the most important source of employment in all ASEAN countries, but a lack of access to external sources of finance may limit their expansion and growth. In…
![ERIA](/sites/default/files/styles/thumpnail_small_36x36/public/2024-04/ERIA-36x36.png?itok=Pyeb82ML)
Asia and the Pacific
28 Feb 2022
Local content requirements (LCRs) are one of several economic instruments used by governments to protect infant domestic industries or to generate employment. Indonesia…
![ERIA](/sites/default/files/styles/thumpnail_small_36x36/public/2024-04/ERIA-36x36.png?itok=Pyeb82ML)
Asia and the Pacific
15 Feb 2022
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As tariffs have declined to a low level, the trade literature has paid increasing attention to the impact of non-tariff measures. Unlike tariffs, non-tariff measures could…
![ERIA](/sites/default/files/styles/thumpnail_small_36x36/public/2024-04/ERIA-36x36.png?itok=Pyeb82ML)
Asia and the Pacific
15 Feb 2022