Smog: A transboundary issue and its implications in India and Pakistan
Shabbir, Maryam; Junaid, Asma; Zahid, Junaid | January 2019
Abstract
Before 1986 farmers of North western Indian Punjab and eastern Pakistan use to harvest and plough fields manually. After crop harvesting, usual practice was to leave crop residues for 4-6 weeks to enhance nutrients for the next crop. With the rise of population, farmers have to leave manual practices and adopted mechanized harvesting from 1986 to meet food demands. Although this practice benefited a lot but compromised air quality in the region (Gadde et.al 2009). Open residue burning is a common practice in many areas of the world including China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Indonesia etc. (Lohan et.al 2017). Every year in October to November farmers burns crop residues after harvesting which results in poor air quality in the region of Punjab. Since this burned smoke stays for almost 3 weeks therefore it deteriorates air quality of Punjab. Seasonal meteorological conditions cause this smoke (resulting from crop burning) to cover whole Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) from west to east (Badarinath et al., 2009; Mishra and Shibata, 2012).
Ai J. Haagen-Smit’s (1970) defined smog as photochemical oxidation of organic materials originating with the petroleum industry and automobiles. According to Ritesh Gautam (2014) main sources of smog that affects Indo-Gangetic Plain are carbon (organic, black), dust, nitrates, sulfates, forest fires automobiles, power plants (coal based) and industries in the region.
Citation
Shabbir, Maryam; Junaid, Asma; Zahid, Junaid. 2019. Smog: A transboundary issue and its implications in India and Pakistan. © Sustainable Development Policy Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/9584.Keywords
Work Environment
Urban Environment
Social Environment
Regulatory Environments
Marine Environment
International Environmental Relations
Institutional Environment Assessment
Global Environment
Environmental Sustainability
Environmental Strategy
Environmental Services
Environmental Resources
Environmental Management and Planning
Environmental Issues
Environmental Guidelines
Environmental Effects
Environment and Pollution Prevention
Climate
Climate change
Climate impacts assessment
Global climate change
Emission Control
Environmental Control
Environmental Technology
Land Development
Forestry Development
Fishery Development
Environmental Statistics
Environmental Planning
Environmental Management
Environmental Education
Environmental Capacity
Pollution Control
Nature Protection
Environmental Conservation
Climatic change
Climatic influence
Climatology
Investment bank
Investment policy
Air quality indexes
Ecological risk assessment
Environmental impact evaluation
Analysis of environmental impact
Environmental toxicology
Health risk assessment
Rain and rainfall
Acid precipitation
Ozone-depleting substance mitigation
Greenhouse gas mitigation
Prevention of pollution
Air quality
Air quality management
Pollution
City planning
Urban climatology
Bank investment
Capital investment
Investment banking
Venture capital
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