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    Smog: A transboundary issue and its implications in India and Pakistan

    Shabbir, Maryam; Junaid, Asma; Zahid, Junaid | January 2019
    Abstract
    Before 1986 farmers of North western Indian Punjab and eastern Pakistan use to harvest and plough fields manually. After crop harvesting, usual practice was to leave crop residues for 4-6 weeks to enhance nutrients for the next crop. With the rise of population, farmers have to leave manual practices and adopted mechanized harvesting from 1986 to meet food demands. Although this practice benefited a lot but compromised air quality in the region (Gadde et.al 2009). Open residue burning is a common practice in many areas of the world including China, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Indonesia etc. (Lohan et.al 2017). Every year in October to November farmers burns crop residues after harvesting which results in poor air quality in the region of Punjab. Since this burned smoke stays for almost 3 weeks therefore it deteriorates air quality of Punjab. Seasonal meteorological conditions cause this smoke (resulting from crop burning) to cover whole Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) from west to east (Badarinath et al., 2009; Mishra and Shibata, 2012). Ai J. Haagen-Smit’s (1970) defined smog as photochemical oxidation of organic materials originating with the petroleum industry and automobiles. According to Ritesh Gautam (2014) main sources of smog that affects Indo-Gangetic Plain are carbon (organic, black), dust, nitrates, sulfates, forest fires automobiles, power plants (coal based) and industries in the region.
    Citation
    Shabbir, Maryam; Junaid, Asma; Zahid, Junaid. 2019. Smog: A transboundary issue and its implications in India and Pakistan. © Sustainable Development Policy Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/9584.
    Keywords
    Work Environment
    Urban Environment
    Social Environment
    Regulatory Environments
    Marine Environment
    International Environmental Relations
    Institutional Environment Assessment
    Global Environment
    Environmental Sustainability
    Environmental Strategy
    Environmental Services
    Environmental Resources
    Environmental Management and Planning
    Environmental Issues
    Environmental Guidelines
    Environmental Effects
    Environment and Pollution Prevention
    Climate
    Climate change
    Climate impacts assessment
    Global climate change
    Emission Control
    Environmental Control
    Environmental Technology
    Land Development
    Forestry Development
    Fishery Development
    Environmental Statistics
    Environmental Planning
    Environmental Management
    Environmental Education
    Environmental Capacity
    Pollution Control
    Nature Protection
    Environmental Conservation
    Climatic change
    Climatic influence
    Climatology
    Investment bank
    Investment policy
    Air quality indexes
    Ecological risk assessment
    Environmental impact evaluation
    Analysis of environmental impact
    Environmental toxicology
    Health risk assessment
    Rain and rainfall
    Acid precipitation
    Ozone-depleting substance mitigation
    Greenhouse gas mitigation
    Prevention of pollution
    Air quality
    Air quality management
    Pollution
    City planning
    Urban climatology
    Bank investment
    Capital investment
    Investment banking
    Venture capital
    Show allCollapse
    Citable URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11540/9584
    Metadata
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    smog-atransboundary-issue-and-its-implications-in-India-and-Pakistan(PB-67).pdf (1017.Kb)
    Author
    Shabbir, Maryam
    Junaid, Asma
    Zahid, Junaid
    Theme
    Environment
    Climate

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    Copyright 2016-2021 Asian Development Bank Institute, except as explicitly marked otherwise