Urbanization and industrialization draw people from rural areas to migrate to cities in search of a better standard of living. In fast-developing countries like India, the large flow of migrants to major cities puts much pressure on city infrastructure especially on the water supply and sanitation system and particularly on sanitation infrastructure such as the wastewater collection network, treatment ...

This case study presents stories of decentralized sewage treatment plants (STPs) and fecal sludge management (FSM) in India. The stories provide lessons which government and private players can apply to address India’s massive water and sanitation problem.

The economic spillover effect relates to ancillary benefits from development projects beyond their intrinsic values. For citywide fecal sludge management (FSM) projects, such benefits could be increased property values and tax revenues as the environmental health of the city improves over time. Other potential ancillary benefits include (i) increased tourism as the water quality of bays, beaches, ...

Johkasou is a decentralized wastewater treatment system that treats human waste from flush toilets and domestic wastewater from kitchens, baths, and others. In Japan’s urban areas, public sewerage systems are used for collective wastewater treatment; but in urbanization control areas, loose regulation areas, and other areas with low population density, Johkasou can be a more economical decentralized ...

In many countries, particularly developing ones, onsite wastewater systems remain an important measure for sanitation management. However, the poor situation of onsite systems is a common phenomenon in both developed and developing countries. The fundamental issue of onsite systems is that they are not considered to be a public matter, and, since many people do not care about them, they are not even ...

As much as 89% of Nepal’s population relies on on-site sanitation. This means that 2,925 cubic meters of fecal sludge per day are ineffectively contained underground within household premises, informally emptied and transported, and disposed of without treatment in the nearby rivers or marginal lands. These unsafe sanitation practices lead to severe risks to public health and the environment. Rapid ...

Johkasou is a decentralized wastewater treatment system that treats human waste from flush toilets and domestic wastewater from kitchens, baths, and others. In Japan’s urban areas, public sewerage systems are used for collective wastewater treatment; but in urbanization control areas, loose regulation areas, and other areas with low population density, Johkasou can be a more economical decentralized ...