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    Son Biased Investments and Old Age Support

    Ho, Christine | March 2017
    Abstract
    Son biased investments are common in many Asian countries where sons are customarily responsible for providing old age support to parents. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, I find that parents invested nearly twice more in sons than in daughters in terms of college education spending and marriage gifts value. Conversely, parents received relatively higher marginal returns to investment from daughters than from sons in terms of living proximity, monetary and in-kind transfers, and help with instrumental activities of daily living. Family fixed effects models as well as an instrumental variable strategy are employed to control for the potential endogeneity of parental investments in children. The results indicate that daughters may be reciprocating parental monetary investments in their education and marriage by increasing old age support. The findings suggest that daughters may be a viable source of support to parents and that encouraging parental investments in them may lead to an increase in family provided old age support.
    Citation
    Ho, Christine. 2017. Son Biased Investments and Old Age Support. © Asian Development Bank Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/7616.
    Keywords
    Comparative Analysis
    Social Research
    Sex Discrimination
    Employment Discrimination
    Women's Rights
    Equal Opportunity
    Equal Pay
    Feminism
    Men's Role
    Women's Role
    Development Economics
    Economic Analysis
    Economic Impact
    Socioeconomic Development
    Socioeconomic Indicators
    Gender
    Gender Bias
    Gender Differences
    Gender Discrimination
    Gender Equality
    Gender Gaps
    Gender Inequality
    Gender Issues
    Gender Relations
    Gender Roles
    Econometric analysis
    Economic implications
    Economies in transition
    Economic integration
    Growth potential
    Gross national product
    Economic discrimination
    Socioeconomic surveys
    Gender-based analysis
    Sex differences
    Job bias
    Equal employment opportunity
    Fair employment practice
    Job discrimination
    Affirmative action programs
    Sex dicrimination against women
    Pay equity
    Sexism
    Equal rights amendment
    Emancipation of women
    Equal rights
    Women's movements
    Feminist economics
    Labor economics
    Women in economic development
    Women in development
    Wage survey
    Cost and standard of living
    Human capital
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    Citable URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11540/7616
    Metadata
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    adbi-wp683.pdf (911.6Kb)
    Author
    Ho, Christine
    Theme
    Gender
    Economics
     
    Copyright 2016-2021 Asian Development Bank Institute, except as explicitly marked otherwise
    Copyright 2016-2021 Asian Development Bank Institute, except as explicitly marked otherwise