Shadow Education Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia
Bray, Mark; Lykins, Chad | May 2012
Abstract
In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but it also maintains and exacerbates social inequalities, diverts resources from other uses, and can contribute to inefficiencies in education systems. Such tutoring is widely called shadow education, because it mimics school systems. As the curriculum in the school system changes, so does the shadow. This study documents the scale and nature of shadow education in different parts of the region. For many decades, shadow education has been a major phenomenon in East Asia. Now it has spread throughout the region, and it has far-reaching economic and social implications.
Citation
Bray, Mark; Lykins, Chad. 2012. Shadow Education Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia. © Asian Development Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/101. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.PDF ISBN
978-92-9092-659-7
Print ISBN
978-92-9092-658-0
Keywords
Public Education
Parent Education
Equity In Education
Educational Policies
Educational Reforms
Quality Education
Out of school education
Alternative education
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Citable URI
http://hdl.handle.net/11540/101Metadata
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